gym 5.gym.0004 Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire

 

For more than two hours on a dark Saturday night, as many as 20 people watched or took part as a 15-year-old California girl was allegedly gang raped and beaten outside a high school homecoming dance, authorities said.

As hundreds of students gathered in the school gym, outside in a dimly lit alley where the victim was allegedly raped, police say witnesses took photos. Others laughed.

“As people announced over time that this was going on, more people came to see, and some actually participated,” Lt. Mark Gagan of the Richmond Police Department told CNN.

The witnesses failed to report the crime to law enforcement, Gagan said. The victim remained hospitalized in stable condition. Police arrested five suspects and more arrests were expected.

So why didn’t anyone come forward?  Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire

Criminology and psychology experts say there could be a variety of reasons why the crime wasn’t reported. Several pointed to a problematic social phenomenon known as the bystander effect. It’s a theory that has played out in lynchings, college riots and white-collar crimes.

Under the bystander effect, experts say that the larger the number of people involved in a situation, the less will get done.

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Video: Girl gang-raped for hours//

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Video: Gang rape outside school dance//

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“If you are in a crowd and you look and see that everyone is doing nothing, then doing nothing becomes the norm.” explains Drew Carberry, a director at the National Council on Crime Prevention.

Carberry said witnesses can be less likely to report a crime because they reinforce each other with the notion that reporting the crime isn’t necessary. Or, he says, witnesses may think another person in the crowd already reported the incident. The responsibility among the group becomes diffused.

“Kids learn at a young age when they observe bullying that they would rather not get involved because there is a power structure,” Carberry adds.

The phrase bystander effect was coined in the 1960s after people watched or heard a serial killer stalk and stab a woman in two separate attacks in the Queens neighborhood of New York.

Kitty Genovese struggled with the attacker on the street and in her building. She shrieked for help and was raped, robbed and murdered. When witnesses in the building were questioned by police about why they remained silent and failed to act, one man, according to the 1964 New York Times article that broke the story, answered, “I didn’t want to be involved.”

Though the number of people who saw or heard Genovese struggle was eventually disputed, her case still became symbolic of a kind of crowd apathy that psychologists and social scientists call the “Genovese syndrome.”

“I don’t propose people get involved by running over and trying to stop it,” the 73-year-old brother of Kitty Genovese told CNN, referring to the California gang rape case. Instead, Vincent Genovese advocates a call to 911. “Everyone has a cell phone,” he said. “There is no excuse for people not to react to a situation like that.”

A similar incident took place at a New Bedford, Massachusetts, bar in 1983. Witnesses said several men threw a woman on a pool table where they raped and performed oral sex on her. Several witnesses failed to call police.

“The people in the bar didn’t do anything. They just let it happen,” said Richard Felson, a professor of crime, law and justice at Penn State University in University Park, Pennsylvania.

This detached mentality can be especially pervasive among youth, who are too young to comprehend what victimization means, said Salvatore Didato, an organizational psychologist in New York. When a teenager — or anyone — doesn’t have a personal bond to the victim, they are less likely to help out.

Experts say sometimes bystanders see the victim as less important than the person committing the crime, who appears to wield power. “The victim to them is a non-person,” Didato said.

But in California, it’s illegal for a witnessed crime involving children to go unreported. The Sherrice Iverson Child Victim Protection Act passed in 1999 makes it a misdemeanor to fail to report a crime against a child. However, the bill only applies to victims 14 or younger. The victim in the California gang-rape case was 15.

Phil Harris, a criminal justice professor at Temple University, who has studied juveniles and group situations for nearly three decades, offered another hypothesis on why as many as 20 witnesses failed to notify police. He said the witnesses could have been angry themselves — or had a problem with the victim.

Richmond Police Department officials said some of the witnesses in the California gang rape ended up participating in the sexual assaults.

“A lot of kids don’t know how to express anger and they are curious when anger is expressed,” Harris said.

Scientific studies over the last decade have shown that adolescent brain development occurs into the 20s, which makes it hard for teens to make decisions, criminologists say. In 2005, the U.S. Supreme Court took this research into consideration when it ruled that children could not be given the death penalty.

It is still unclear the ages of the male witnesses who gathered around the victim in California and watched.

In Boston, Massachusetts, Northeastern University criminologist Jack Levin says he believes the California gang rape was too violent — and lasted too long — to be the result of the bystander effect alone.

Levin, who specializes in hate crime research, says the male witnesses may have kept quiet out of fear of retaliation. In his research, witnesses who live in violent communities often fear stepping forward because snitching isn’t tolerated.

Snitching could also bring dangerous consequences to their friends and family. “They don’t believe the system will protect them from the offender,” he said. “They think the offender will find out their name.”

That may have been the case in Chicago, Illinois, in September when an honor student was beaten to death by four teenage boys outside a school. Video captured by a bystander showed several students watching the attack, but police have found many of the witnesses tight-lipped in the South side community where violence has been prevalent. Police have charged three suspects with murder.

While information from the Richmond Police Department in the coming weeks may reveal more about the bystanders and attackers, crime experts say one thing is clear: Third parties can affect the outcome of a crime. Witnesses have the power to deter violence — or stop a crime from going on, experts say.

Bystanders could have prevented the gang rape from lasting more than two hours, if they had reported the crime to authorities sooner.

The victim was found under a bench, semi-conscious.

“This just gets worse and worse the more you dig into it,” Lt. Mark Gagan of the Richmond Police Department. “It was like a horror movie. I can’t believe not one person felt compelled to help her.”

Nick Valencia contributed to this report.

credits 4.cre.9993 Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire

On July 21, 2009, porn star Ken Hoyt, with such credits as Sexcetera and Big Gulp to his name, was arrested in Los Angeles for allegedly stalking and harassing two teenage girls. Hoyt had been registered as a level 3 sex offender in California in 1986 after being convicted of having sex with a 13-year-old, and had been arrested five times in New York for flashing women on the subway — although those charges were dropped after the District Attorney’s Office failed to press charges in a timely fashion. He was registered Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire
as a sex offender in New York for his California conviction, but failed to register again when he moved back to California. L.A. Police charged him with stalking and failing to register as a sex offender. He remained in the L.A. County jail overnight while the $370,000 bail was arranged. Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire
It is expected that California prosecutors will act promptly.

dancer 4.dan.003003 Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire

On Thursday, September 17, 1998, a thick, grayish brown cloud of smog and dust ringed the far-reaching boundaries of Clark County, Nevada, and the Las Vegas Valley, just as it did on most days in recent history, and the temperature was still in the scorching low one-hundreds.  Gone were the days of clear dark blue skies, now only faded memories to the few life-long native Las Vegans that remain here but an accepted fact of life to the hundreds of thousands of new transplants that have settled here in their quest for a better life.  Some call it progress.  Those who know what it used to be like here call it a shame.  Although he was not a native Las Vegan, Lonnie “Ted” Binion grew up here in the desert dust and was one of those who knew what Las Vegas used to be like.

Benny Binion

Ted Binion, a slightly built man, lived in the fast lane, in many respects much like his infamous father, Lester “Benny” Binion, and possessed some of the same bravado.  Binion was also a cowboy in many respects.  He loved horses, and had been an accomplished horseman even before he turned ten years old.  But unlike his father, who lived to the ripe old age of eighty-five and passed away of natural causes, Ted lacked much of Benny’s insight and common sense and couldn’t see trouble coming when it was only around the corner.Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire

He was smart, though, in other ways.  He loved history, and was a whiz at math with an uncanny ability to analyze gambling odds and come up with the house “take” in seconds, all without the use of a calculator or even a pencil.  He also loved to schmooze with the patrons at the Horseshoe, and could be seen on any given day sitting at the bar trying to put the make on women whose husbands were gambling away the family fortune.  Ted had a knack for always being able to find trouble, and he took one of life’s routes that led him down the highway to hell.

Despite his tremendous wealth and a sense of fairness toward those he liked and was known to help others who were less fortunate than him, Ted had difficulty in helping himself and eventually became his own worst enemy.  Although he performed his job well, there were many occasions when he would be above the casino floor utilizing the “eye in the sky” to keep watch on the gaming action and the casino dealers, smoking pot.  The dealers always knew when he was there because of the pungent, telltale odor of the marijuana smoke.  But his lifestyle had a price.  By the time of his untimely death, Ted looked older than his fifty-five years, and his teeth had become stained an ugly brown from the years of smoking tar, heroin and marijuana.  Despite his shortcomings, Ted Binion managed to achieve phenomenal success in the casino business and became tremendously wealthy along with his siblings.

However, the phenomenal success story of the Horseshoe and the Binion family was not always a happy one.  It was often marred with a dark side of legal complications, family squabbling, and personal tragedy.

Barbara, the youngest daughter, failed at an attempt at suicide in which she shot herself and was left with a badly disfigured face.  She would die later of a drug overdose.  A dramatic kidnapping attempt against young Ted Binion would be thwarted, leaving in its wake bodies lying in the desert.  An older Ted Binion would begin to run afoul of the law as early as 1986 over his own drug problems and be arrested for heroin trafficking, and his known associations with underworld mobsters would ultimately cost him his gaming license and force him to sell his share of the Horseshoe to his sister, Becky.

The Horseshoe Casino (Gary C. King)

Ted’s brother, Jack, would also sell to Becky after a prolonged series of disagreements amid Becky’s accusations that he and Ted were mismanaging Horseshoe capital with Jack allegedly diverting money to finance his Louisiana and Mississippi gambling operations that were not directly affiliated with the Horseshoe.  In a lawsuit filed against her brothers, Becky also alleged that Jack had been stealing players by luring them away from the Horseshoe so that he could fill the tables at his other franchises.  Ted, in the meantime, would meet a bleached-blonde dancer at a cheesy topless nightclub and would move her into his home after his wife, Doris, and daughter, Bonnie, moved out.

Ted, distrustful of his sister and fearful that he might lose the millions in silver that he had stored in the Horseshoe’s vault, would befriend a young man he met at a urinal inside the men’s room at Piero’s Restaurant and would hire him to remove the silver from the Horseshoe’s vault and transport it to the garage at his home on Palomino Lane. Then, months later, that same young man would be hired to build Ted a new vault near his ranch in Pahrump, Nevada, a one-horse town located about sixty miles southwest of Las Vegas near the California border.  And to top it all off, Ted would get murdered in the process.  His lifestyle led to a number of decisions that would first cost him his status in the gaming community as a casino giant and then, ultimately, would cost him his life.  Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire

sentence 88.sen.9993 Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire

Everyone loves a murder mystery. And there was not a murder mystery stranger, or with more twists, than the saga of Susan Reinert that fascinated the Philadelphia region for more than a decade.

Reinert was an Upper Merion High School teacher, divorced, with two children, and she was in love with a fellow teacher, William Bradfield, a hypnotic and charismatic fan of Ezra Pound, who had a clique of devoted followers and a complicated love life.

Reinert, a former Phoenixville woman who was divorced and living in Ardmore, told friends she was going to marry Bradfield and named him the beneficiary of her life insurance. So when she turned up dead in 1979 — stuffed in the trunk of a hatchback in a Harrisburg hotel parking lot, beaten and overdosed on morphine — authorities quickly zeroed in on him.

But not only him.

Upper Merion’s principal, Dr. Jay C. Smith, was already in their sights. An extremely eccentric native of Chester, Smith had already been convicted of the armed robbery of a Sears store. And his drug-addicted daughter and son-in-law had vanished the year before and were never seen again.

It took years of investigation across multiple jurisdictions, and a fraud conviction in Delaware County court, but Smith and Bradfield were finally convicted in separate trials of the murders of Reinert and her two children, whose bodies were never found.

The children were last seen in Phoenixville at the home of their grandparents. At the time of his arrrest, Bradfield was living in Birdsboro.

Bradfield got life in prison; Smith, the presumed killer, was sent to death row.

But the story didn’t end there. The lead prosecutor was later convicted on cocaine charges. There were allegations that author Joseph Wambaugh, who turned the case into a best-selling novel that became a TV miniseries, had paid investigators large sums of money for their stories even as the case progressed.

As Smith appealed his death sentence, it was revealed that the state withheld potentially exculpatory evidence at his trial. Finally, the state Supreme Court found the behavior of prosecutors so egregious that it overturned Smith’s conviction and ruled that he could never be tried for the crime again.  Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire

Bradfield died in prison in 1998. Smith, who always insisted on his innocence, wrote his own book about the case and saw it published last year. He followed Bradfield to the grave this week, dying in Wilkes-Barre at the age of 80.

His death would seem to close the book on the bizarre case. But it does not solve the mystery. Who really killed Susan Reinert? What happened to her children? Where are Smith’s daughter and son-in-law?

The final chapter in this mystery has yet to be written.  Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire

composition 4.com.002002 LOUIS J. SHEEHAN, ESQUIRE

Properties of lipid formulations can vary depending on the composition (cationic, anionic, neutral lipid species), however, the same preparation method can be used for all lipid vesicles regardless of composition. The general elements of the procedure involve preparation of the lipid for hydration, hydration with agitation, and sizing to a homogeneous distribution of vesicles.

a. Preparation of Lipid for Hydration: When preparing liposomes with mixed lipid composition, the lipids must first be dissolved and mixed in an organic solvent to assure a homogeneous mixture of lipids. Usually this process is carried out using chloroform or chloroform:methanol mixtures. The intent is to obtain a clear lipid solution for complete mixing of lipids. Typically lipid solutions are prepared at 10-20mg lipid/ml organic solvent, although higher concentrations may be used if the lipid solubility and mixing are acceptable. Once the lipids are thoroughly mixed in the organic solvent, the solvent is removed to yield a lipid film. For small volumes of organic solvent (<1mL), the solvent may be evaporated using a dry nitrogen or argon stream in a fume hood. For larger volumes, the organic solvent should be removed by rotary evaporation yielding a thin lipid film on the sides of a round bottom flask. The lipid film is thoroughly dried to remove residual organic solvent by placing the vial or flask on a vacuum pump overnight. If the use of chloroform is objectionable, an alternative is to dissolve the lipid(s) in tertiary butanol or cyclohexane. The lipid solution is transferred to containers and frozen by placing the containers on a block of dry ice or swirling the container in a dry ice-acetone or alcohol (ethanol or methanol) bath. Care should be taken when using the bath procedure that the container can withstand sudden temperature changes without cracking.

lamartine 9.lam.9993 Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire

Dear Marx,

I shall send off your things. Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire

Write a few lines to M. Victor Faider, lawyer, either direct or enclosed [in a letter] to Bloss, thanking him for the steps he has taken on behalf of you and your wife, and authorising him to take further steps. Faider, who has suddenly turned out to be a zealous republican, has constituted himself your defence counsel and as such will reply to the Moniteur belge [reference to a tendentious item on Marx’s expulsion from Belgium in Le Moniteur belge, 12 March 1848] and follow the matter up. He hopes you won’t disavow him and, to enable him to take a determined stand, you would do well to send him a note. It is better that a Belgian, rather than Maynz, should pursue the case and, since he has offered his services, he will probably do his job properly.

You really must send the way-bill. The thing is badly needed; Maynz asks after it daily.  Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire

Tedesco’s been released and left for Liège immediately, without seeing a soul. Esselens was here for a few days, but he didn’t see him.

The Bourse, finance, industry and trade here are in the throes of an unprecedented crisis. In the Café Suisse, Commerce is moping about with nothing to do, Messrs Kauwerz, Lauffs and Co. go creeping round with their tails between their legs, the workers have held meetings and handed in petitions, a general and serious food shortage. Cash is nowhere to be had, and withal a compulsory loan of 60 millions! It’ll be the Bourse that will impose the Republic on them here.

Lüning returned here to be confronted with the news that there’s a hue and cry after him in Prussia; he is going to send for his wife and come to Paris.

Before he fled, Dronke was accepted into the [Communist] League by Willich and Co. I subjected him to a fresh examination here, expounded our views to him and, since he declared himself to be in agreement with them, confirmed his admission. One could hardly have done otherwise, even if there had been an element of doubt. However, the fellow’s very modest, very young and seems to all appearances very responsive, so I think that, with a little supervision and some study, he will turn out well. In my presence he retracted all his earlier writings. [reference to E. Dronke’s ‘Berlin’, ‘Polizei-Geschichten’ and ‘Aus dem Volk’ published in 1846 and showing influence of ‘true socialism'] Unfortunately he lives with Moses who will thus be working on him in between whiles, but, as we know, that is of no consequence. With Lüning, to whom he had become frightfully attached, only a couple of words were needed to unsaddle him.

Moses, by the way, is friendlier than ever — just try to understand the fellow!

I can’t do anything with Cassel, since Maynz has the ordre not me. Breyer pleads the financial crisis, the impossibility, just now, of arranging a deferred settlement of his old bills, the refusal of all his patients to pay. He even says that he intends to sell his one and only horse. However I will see what is to be had, for I can hardly manage with the money from Maynz, and Hess’ payment, which was the first, has already gone the way of all flesh. Gigot is also in a fix. I shall go and see Breyer again today.

Tomorrow’s Débat social will contain a detailed refutation, blow by blow of the Moniteur [the article ‘Encore et toujours l'expulsion de M. Marx’ in Le Débat Social of 19 March 1848 appears to have been written by V. Faider].

You must further tell Faider that, if he has to have a special power of attorney, you will send him one.

Also write a few lines to M. Bricourt, membre de la Chambre des Représentants, who spoke up admirably on your behalf in the Chamber ^[199] and, at Maynz’s request, put some searching questions to the Minister, and who has instituted an enquête into the affair. He is the deputy for Charleroi and, after Castiau, the best of the lot. Castiau has just been to Paris.

Look through the enclosed scrawls and send it to the Réforme.

The fellows here need to be constantly provoked.

If possible I shall leave on Monday^[207]. But money matters are perpetually thwarting my designs.

I am getting no news at all from England, whether through letters or the Star.

In Germany things are going very well indeed, riots everywhere and the Prussians aren’t giving way. So much the better. I hope we shan’t have to remain very long in Paris.

How excellent that you are throwing out Bornstedt. The fellow has proved so unreliable that his expulsion from the League is essential. He and Weerth are now allied and Weerth is running round here as a fanatical republican.

Lamartine is becoming daily more depraved. In all his speeches the man addresses himself exclusively to the bourgeoisie and seeks to pacify them. Even the Provisional Government’s Electoral Proclamation is directed wholly at the bourgeoisie in order to reassure them. Small wonder that the creatures are becoming uppish. Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire

Adios, au revoir.
F. E.

All letters to be sent here to the address I have given; in my absence Bloss will give them to Gigot.

[on the back of the letter]

sawyer 9.saw.8884 Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire

The Globe, a supermarket tabloid, published stolen crime scene photos in January 1997, resulting in a boycott of the tabloid by many stores in Boulder and nationwide. Lawrence Shawn Smith, a technician at the photo processing lab which processed the photos for the coroner’s office and Brett Sawyer, a private investigator and former employee Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire of the sheriff’s department, were arrested and charged with stealing the photos. Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire Smith and Sawyer pleaded guilty to obstruction of government operations and were sentenced to three days in jail, 64 hours of community service, $138 in court costs and to write letters of apology to the Ramseys. The Globe reached a settlement with Boulder County and was never charged with any wrongdoing. It returned some of the photos.
	Author of Anonymous Letter Mailed From Shreveport

planned 5.pla.993993 Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire

Dear Marx,

If I haven’t answered your letter before, it’s mainly because I was waiting for the Vorwärts you promised me. But as the thing has still not arrived, I’ve given up waiting, either for that or for the Critical Criticism [The Holy Family] of which I have no further news whatever. As regards Stirner, I entirely agree with you. When I wrote to you, I was still too much under the immediate impression made upon me by the book [M. Stirner, Der Einzige und sein Eigenthum] Since I laid it aside and had time to think it over, I feel the same as you. Hess, who is still here and whom I spoke to in Bonn a fortnight ago, has, after several changes of mind, come to the same conclusion as yourself. He read me an article, which he is shortly to publish, about the book [M. Hess, Die letzten Philosophen, published in pamphlet form in June 1845]; in it he says the same as you, although he hadn’t read your letter. I left your letter with him,^[21] because he still wished to use some things out of it, and so I have to reply from memory. As regards my removal to Paris, there is no doubt that in some two years’ time I shall be there; and I’ve made up my mind too that at any cost I shall spend 4 to 6 weeks there next autumn. If the police make life difficult for me here, I’ll come anyway, and as things are now, it may occur to these scum any day to molest us. Püttmann’s Bürgerbuch [Deutsches Bürgerbuch für 1845]. Will show us just how far one can go without being locked up or thrown out.

My love affair came to a fearful end. [reference to German saying, coined in 1809 by Major Ferdinand von Schill] I’ll spare you the boring details, nothing more can be done about it, and I’ve already been through enough over it as it is. I’m glad that I can at least get down to work again, and if I were to tell you the whole sorry tale, I’d be incapable of anything this evening.

The latest news is that from 1 April Hess and I will be publishing at Thieme & Butz’s in Hagen the Gesellschaftsspiegel, a monthly in which we shall depict social misère and the bourgeois regime. Prospectus, etc., shortly.^[22] In the meantime it would be a good idea if the poetical Ein Handwerker ^[23] would oblige by sending us material on misère in Paris. Particularly individual cases, exactly what’s needed to prepare the philistine for communism. Not much effort will be involved in editing the thing; contributors enough can be found to supply sufficient material for 4 sheets a month — we shan’t have much work to do with it, and might exert a lot of influence. Moreover, Leske has commissioned Püttmann to put out a quarterly, the Rheinische Jahrbücher, bulky enough to evade censorship, ^[24] which is to be communism unalloyed. You too will doubtless be able to have a hand in it. In any case it will do no harm if we have part of our work printed twice — first in a periodical and then on its own and in context; after all, banned books circulate less freely and in this way we’ll have twice as much chance of exerting an influence. So you see we here in Germany have our work cut out if we’re to keep all these undertakings supplied with material and at the same time elaborate greater things — but we shall have to put our backs into it if we’re to achieve anything, and that’s all to the good when you’re itching to do something. My book on the English workers [Engels, The Condition of the Working-Class in England] will be finished in two or three weeks, after which I shall set aside four weeks for lesser things and then go on to the historical development of England and English socialism.^[25]

What specially pleases me is the general recognition, now a fait accompli, which communist literature has found in Germany. A year ago it began to gain recognition, indeed, first saw the light of day, outside Germany, in Paris, and now it’s already worrying the German man-in-the-street. Newspapers, weeklies, monthlies and quarterlies, and reserves of heavy artillery coming up — everything’s in the best of order. It’s certainly happened devilish fast! Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire  Nor has the underground propaganda been unfruitful. Every time I visit Cologne, every time I enter a pub here, I find fresh progress, fresh proselytes. The Cologne meeting has worked wonders. One gradually discovers individual communist groups which have quietly evolved without any direct cooperation on our part.

The Gemeinnütziges Wochenblatt which was formerly published together with the Rheinische Zeitung, is now also in our hands. It has been taken over by d’Ester who will see what can be done. But what we need above all just now are a few larger works to provide an adequate handhold for the many who would like to improve their imperfect knowledge, but are unable to do so unassisted. Do try and finish your political economy book, even if there’s much in it that you yourself are still dissatisfied with, it doesn’t really matter; minds are ripe and we must strike while the iron is hot. Presumably my English things cannot fail to have some effect either, the facts are too convincing, but all the same I wish I had less on my hands so that I could do some things which would be more cogent and effective in regard both to the present moment and to the German bourgeoisie. We German theoreticians — it may be ludicrous, but it’s a sign of the times and of the dissolution of the German national filth — cannot yet so much as develop our theory, not even having been able as yet to publish the critique of the nonsense. But now it is high time. So try and finish before April, do as I do, set yourself a date by which you will definitely have finished, and make sure it gets into print quickly. If you can’t get it printed in Paris, have it done in Mannheim, Darmstadt or elsewhere. But it must come out soon.

The fact that you enlarged the Critical Criticism to twenty sheets surprised me not a little. But it is all to the good, for it means that much can now be disseminated which would otherwise have lain for heaven knows how long in your escritoire. But if you have retained my name on the title page it will look rather odd since I wrote barely 1 1/2 sheets. As I told you, I have as yet heard nothing from Löwenberg [lion’s mountain — a pun on Löwenthal — lion’s valley, the Frankfort publisher’s name], nor anything about the publication of the book, which I most eagerly await.

Yesterday I received Vorwärts, which I haven’t seen since my departure. I was greatly amused by some of Bernays’ jokes; the fellow can make one laugh so heartily, which I seldom do when reading. For the rest, it is definitely bad and neither interesting nor instructive enough to induce many Germans to take it for any length of time. How does it stand now, and is it true, as I hear in Cologne, that it is to be turned into a monthly ^[18]? We’re so terribly overburdened with work here that you can expect no more than an occasional contribution from us. You over there will also have to bestir yourselves. You should write an article every 4 or 6 weeks for it and not allow yourself to be ‘governed’ by your moods. Why doesn’t Bakunin write anything, and why can’t Ewerbeck be induced to write at least something humdrum? Poor Bernays is, I suppose, by now in jug. Give him my regards and tell him not to take this dirty business too much to heart. Two months is not an eternity, although it’s dreadful enough. What are the lads doing generally? You tell me nothing about it in your letters. Has Guerrier returned, and is Bakunin writing French? What’s become of the tot who used to frequent the Quai Voltaire every evening in August? And what are you doing yourself? How goes it with your situation there? Is the Fouine [marten, Arnold Ruge’s nickname] still living under your feet? Not long ago, the Fouine again let fly in the Telegraph [A. Ruge. ‘An einen Patrioten’, Telegraph für Deutschland, Nos. 203 and 204, December 1844] On the subject of patriotism, needless to say. Splendid how he rides it to death, how he doesn’t care a rap, provided he succeeds in demolishing patriotism. Probably that was the substance of what he refused to give Fröbel. German newspapers recently alleged that the Fouine intends to return to Germany. If it’s true I congratulate him, but it can’t be true, else he’d have to provide himself for the second time with an omnibus with privy, and that’s out of the question.

Not long ago I spoke to someone who’d come from Berlin. The dissolution of the caput mortuum [literally: dead head; the term is borrowed from the alchemists and figuratively means ‘the remnants'] of The Free ^[17] would appear to be complete. Besides the Bauers, Stirner also seems no longer to have anything to do with them. The few who remain, Meyen, Rutenberg and Co., carry on serenely, foregathering at Stehely’s every afternoon at 2 o’clock, as they have done for six years past ^[26], and amusing themselves at the expense of the newspapers. But now they have actually got as far as the ‘organisation of labour’, [allusion to Louis Blanc’s Organisation du travail] and they will get no farther. It would seem that even Mr Nauwerck has ventured to take this step, for he participates with zeal in popular meetings. I told you all these people would become démocrates pacifiques. At the same time they have much ‘acclaimed’ the lucidity, etc., of our articles in the [Deutsch-Französische] Jahrbücher. When next the devil drives I shall begin corresponding with little Meyen; one can, perhaps, derive some entertainment from the fellows even if one doesn’t find them entertaining. As it is, there’s never any opportunity here for an occasional outburst of high spirits, the life I lead being all that the most splendiferous philistine could desire, a quiet, uneventful existence, replete with godliness and respectability; I sit in my room and work, hardly ever go out, am as staid as a German. If things go on like this, I fear that the Almighty may overlook my writings and admit me to heaven. I assure you that I’m beginning to acquire a good reputation here in Barmen. But I’m sick of it all and intend to get away at Easter, probably to Bonn. I have allowed myself to be persuaded by the arguments of my brother-in-law [Emil Blank] and the doleful expression on both my parents’ faces to give huckstering another trial and for [...] days have been working in the office. Another motive was the course my love affair was taking. But I was sick of it all even before I began work; huckstering is too beastly, Barmen is too beastly, the waste of time is too beastly and most beastly of all is the fact of being, not only a bourgeois, but actually a manufacturer, a bourgeois who actively takes sides against the proletariat. A few days in my old man’s factory have sufficed to bring me face to face with this beastliness, which I had rather overlooked. I had, of course, planned to stay in the huckstering business only as long as it suited me and then to write something the police wouldn’t like so that I could with good grace make off across the border, but I can’t hold out even till then. Had I not been compelled to record daily in my book the most horrifying tales about English society, I would have become fed up with it, but that at least has kept my rage on the simmer. And though as a communist one can, no doubt, provided one doesn’t write, maintain the outward appearance of a bourgeois and a brutish huckster, it is impossible to carry on communist propaganda on a large scale and at the same time engage in huckstering and industry. Enough of that — at Easter I shall be leaving this place. In addition there is the enervating existence in this dyed-in-the-wool Christian-Prussian family — it’s intolerable; I might end up by becoming a German philistine and importing philistinism into communism.  Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire

Well, don’t leave me so long without a letter as I have left you this time. My greetings to your wife, as yet a stranger, and to anyone else deserving of them.

For the time being write to me here. If I have already left, your letters will be forwarded.

polymer 6.poly.003003 Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire

Varying the length of the polymer molecules (or operationally, the concentration of acrylamide used in the polymerization reaction) and/or the amount of crosslinking between the mostly linear polyacrylamide molecules results in gels with differing properties.  Louis J. Sheehan, Esquire